Symbol Description Example + Plus, positive, add - Minus, negative, subtract Plus or minus, positive or negative Minus or plus x Multiplied by, times A x B = A .B = AB; 3 x 4 = 12 Divided by   Proportion = Equals, is equal to > Is greater than 8 > 3 < Is less than 3 < 8 Is not equal to Is greater or less than Is not greater than Is not less than Is greater than or equal to Is less than or equal to Is proportional to, varies with Infinity Is perpendicular to Angle ~ Is similar to Is parallel to Root of ( ) Parenthesis [] {} Brackets Quantities enclosed or covered by the symbol are taken together _____ Vinculum Since, because Hence, therefore º Degrees ´ m min Minutes of arc, feet ´´ s sec Seconds of arc, inches ´ ´´ ´´´ etc. Prime, second, third, etc. pi, circumference/diameter 3.14159265358979 E Modulus of elasticity e Base of Napierian, natural or hyperbolic logarithms 2.718281828 g Accleration due to gravity 32.2 ft/s² 9.81 m/s²